Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework for 2030

15TH Conference of Parties (COP15) to United Nation Convention on Biological Diversity has recently adopted Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework for 2030 which includes four goals and 23 targets which is in line with Sustainable Development Goal. A total of 196 countries have signed a historic deal to protect 30% of the world for nature by 2030.

• Adopt balanced global biodiversity framework which will replace Aichi Biodiversity Targets which expired in 2030.
• It aims to catalyse, enable, galvanise actions by involving governments, local governments and societies to halt and reverse biodiversity loss and achieve the targets, goals, mission and hence thereby contribute to the three objective of United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and its Protocols.
• It promotes coherence, complementarity and cooperation between the CBD and its Protocols, and create opportunities for partnership among diverse actors to enhance implementation of framework.

• Goal A : Integrity and resilience of all ecosystems are maintained, restores and substantially increase area of natural ecosystem, by 2050 extinction rate of all species are reduced by tenfold and genetic diversity within population of wild species is maintained.
• Goal B : Natures’s contribution to people, including ecosystem functions and services are valued, maintained and enhanced, and restore the decline in biodiversity by 2050.
• Goal C : Benefits from utilisation of genetic resources and traditional knowledge are shared fairly and equitably, at the same time traditional knowledge associated with genetic resources is protected.
• Goal D : Adequate means of implementation, including financial resources, capacity-building, technical and scientific cooperation, and access to and transfer of technology to fully implement the framework.

• Target 1 : Halting biodiversity loss – bringing the loss of high biodiversity loss close to zero, while respecting the rights of indigenous people
• Target 2 : Effective restoration – at least 30% of area of degraded terrestrial, inland water, coastal and marine ecosystem are under effective restoration
• Target 3 : Mapping linkage – sustainable use of above area is consistent with conservation outcomes
• Target 4 : Saving endangered species Protecting wild species – urgent steps to halt human induced extinction of threatened species, maintain their diversity through in situ and es situ conservation
• Target 5 : Protecting wild species Invasive alien species – sustainable, safe and legal use of wild species, prevent overexploitation
• Target 6 : Invasive alien species – mitigate their impact by reducing their rate of introduction by 50%
• Target 7 : Tackling pollution – reduce pollution risks to levels that are not harmful to biodiversity and ecosystem services
• Target 8 : Climate crisis – minimise impact of climate change and ocean acidification through nature-based solutions

Meeting human requirements through sustainable use

• Target 9 : Serving humans – ensure use of wild species yields benefits for humans
• Target 10 : Ecosystem productivity – sustainable management of areas under agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries for resilience and long term productivity
• Target 11 : Handling nature’s contribution – restore, maintain and enhance nature’s contribution to people through regulation of air, water and climate
• Target 12 : Biodiversity in urban fabric – increase the area, quality and connectivity of, access to and benefits from green and blue spaces in the urban and densely populated areas
• Target 13 : Sharing genetic resources – take effective, legal, policy, administrative and capacity building measures to ensure equal sharing of benefits of genetic resources

Tools ans solutions for implementation and monitoring

• Target 14 : Policy making – integration of biodiversity and its values into policies across all levels of governments, other sectors
• Target 15 : Legal perils for businesses – regular assessment by transnational firm for risks and impact on biodiversity, report on compliance with regulations
• Target 16 : Making eco-friendly choices – to reduce global footprints of consumption
• Target 17 : Biosecurity measures – adopting such steps for handling of biotechnology and distribution of its benefits
• Target 18 : Removal of harmful incentives – identify by 2025 and eliminate or reform, cut them by $500 billion per year by 2030
• Target 19 : Biodiversity finance – increase financial resources, mobilise $200 billion per year by 2030
• Target 20 : Technical cooperation – strengthen capacity-building and development, access to and transfer of technology
• Target 21 : Sharing knowledge – access to information by decision makers and public, access to technology of indigenous people only with their consent
• Target 22 : Equal representation – ensuring equitable representation in decision-making
• Target 23 : Gender based review – a gender-responsive approach by recognising women’s rights and access to nature resources

COP15 agreed to setup a multilateral fund within Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) for equitable sharing of benefits between providers and users of Digital Sequence Informatics (DSI), which will be finalised at COP16 in Turkey in 2024.